Academic Writing English
记录一些英文学术写作句式短语等
It can therefore be expected that …
This approach allows us to …
The aim of this study is twofold: first, to …, and, second, to …
state-of-the-art adj.最先进的
引言
语法和写作技巧
时态
- 一般现在时/现在进行时：一般现在时用于陈述接受的真相和事实（比过去时态更强烈）
- 一般过去时/过去完成时：过去完成时更强调过去发生的事情对现在产生影响或者与现在有关
- 一般过去时：I broke my glasses… 但这不重要/我已经修好它了
- 过去完成时：I have broken my glasses…所以我现在看不清
signalling language信号性的词语
句子之间需要有衔接，句子之间需要有逻辑
- 方法一：重叠overlap，前后句子有重叠部分
- 方法二：用代词（it, they或this method, these systems）去连接句子
- 方法三：用分号（其中一个句子很短）或者从句（which）
- 方法四：用连词表示句子之间的逻辑关系
信号词
表示原因：
- due to (the fact that)
- on account of (the fact that)
- in view of (the fact that)
- as / because / since （注意歧义）
表示结果：
- therefore / consequently / hence
- as a result (of which) / which is why
- so （不要用so开头去表达结果，不正式）
CONTRAST/DIFFERENCE对比或不同
however / whereas / but / on the other hand
while / by contrast
on the contrary / conversely（仅限于完全对立的事物）
UNEXPECTEDNESS意料之外
- Although / Even though / Though
- Despite / In spite of / Regardless of / Notwithstanding
- nevertheless / however / yet / nonetheless / even so
Addition此外
- in addition / moreover / furthermore / apart from that/which
- also / secondly (etc.) / in the second place (etc.) / what is more
- besides 更强硬一些，常用于更具有说服性的语境
被动/主动
- 关于We：文章中使用“我们”只能用在表示本文作者的研究团队的地方，不可以泛泛指代人群
- Dummy subject指代：This article / The present paper…
分段
你越清楚你在读什么，你读的效率就越高！！！！！！
避免one-sentence paragraph 或者很长的段落
在细读之前要略读，搞清楚各种信息的布局和分布，再读效率更高。
- 略读的方法：
- 1 读标题
- 2 看作者和日期
- 3 读摘要，看结论
- 4 速读第一段
- 5 速看每一段第一句话
- 6 速看每幅图 / 表 的标题
- 7 读最后一段（总结 / 结论 部分）
- 略读的方法：
每一段开头是中心句，后面都是与这个主题有关的句子，是讨论、描述、解释、论证它的。
分段方法：开头空5格 / 中间空2倍行距
写文章时用bullet points组织列出你要写的观点和相关的内容，看它们是否组织地逻辑
Establishing significance
| (a) basic issue | economically important |
|---|---|
| (a) central problem | (has) focused (on) |
| (a) challenging area | for a number of years |
| (a) classic feature | for many years |
| (a) common issue | frequent(ly) |
| (a) considerable number | generally |
| (a) crucial issue | (has been) extensively studied |
| (a) current problem | importance/important |
| (a) dramatic increase | many |
| (an) essential element | most |
| (a) fundamental issue | much study in recent years |
| (a) growth in popularity | nowadays |
| (an) increasing number | numerous investigations |
| (an) interesting field | of great concern |
| (a) key technique | of growing interest |
| (a) leading cause (of) | often |
| (a) major issue | one of the best-known |
| (a) popular method | over the past ten years |
| (a) powerful tool/method | play a key role (in) |
| (a) profitable technology | play a major part (in) |
| (a) range (of) | possible benefits |
| (a) rapid rise | potential applications |
| (a) remarkable variety | recent decades |
| (a) significant increase | recent(ly) |
| (a) striking feature | today |
| (a) useful method | traditional(ly) |
| (a) vital aspect | typical(ly) |
| (a) worthwhile study | usually |
| (an) advantage | well-documented |
|---|---|
| attracted much attention | well-known |
| benefit/beneficial | widely recognised |
| commercial interest | widespread |
| during the past two decades | worthwhile |
Here are some examples of how these are used:
● A major current focus in population management is how to ensure sustainability of…
● Numerous experiments have established that ionising radiation causes..
● Low-dose responses to radiation have generated considerable recent research interest.
● Analysis of change in the transportation sector is vital for two important reasons:..
PDA accounts for over 95% of all pancreatic cancers.
It is generally accepted that joints in steel frames operate in a semi-rigid fashion.
● Nanocrystalline oxide films are attracting widespread interest in fields such as..
● The importance of strength anisotropy has been demonstrated by…
Convection heat transfer phenomena play an important role in the development of…
For more than 100 years researchers have been observing the stress-strain behaviour of…
Much research in recent years has focused on carbon nanotubes.
Verbs
| achieve | develop | obtain |
|---|---|---|
| address | discover | overcome |
| adopt | discuss | perform |
| analyse | enhance | point out |
| apply | establish | predict |
| argue | estimate | present |
| assume | evaluate | produce |
| attempt | examine | propose |
| calculate | explain | prove |
| categorise | explore | provide |
| carry out | extend | publish |
| choose | find | put forward |
| claim | focus on | realise |
| classify | formulate | recognise |
| collect | generate | recommend |
| compare | identify | record |
| concentrate(on) | illustrate | report |
| conclude | implement | reveal |
| conduct | imply | revise |
| confirm | improve | review |
| consider | incorporate | show |
| construct | indicate | simulate |
| correlate | interpret | solve |
| deal with | introduce | state |
| debate | investigate | study |
| define | measure | support |
| demonstrate | model | suggest |
| describe | monitor | test |
| design | note | undertake |
| detect | observe | use |
| determine | prefer | utilise |
Here are some examples of how these are used:
● This phenomenon was demonstrated by…
● In their study, expanded T-cells were found in…
Initial attempts focused on identifying the cause of…
Weather severity has been shown to…
Early data was interpreted in the study by…
The algorithm has been proposed for these applications…
The results on pair dispersion were reported in…
● Their study suggested a possible cause for…
● An alternative approach was developed by…
Note: You can recycle these verbs at the end of the Introduction when you say what you plan to do in your paper (see 4 below)
Gap/question/problem/criticism
| ambiguous | (the) absence of | computationally demanding |
|---|---|---|
| confused | (a) challenge | deficient |
| doubtful | (a) defect | (a) difficulty |
| expensive | (a) disadvantage | false |
| (a) drawback | far from perfect | (an) error |
| ill-defined | (a) flaw | impractical |
| (a) gap in our knowledge | improbable | (a) lack |
| inaccurate | (a) limitation | inadequate |
| (a) need for clarification | incapable (of) | (the) next step |
| incompatible (with) | no correlation (between) | incomplete |
| (an) obstacle | inconclusive | (a) problem |
| inconsistent | (a) risk | inconvenient |
| (a) weakness | incorrect |
| ineffective | (to be) confined to |
|---|---|
| inefficient | (to) demand clarification |
| inferior | (to) disagree |
| inflexible | (to) fail to |
| insufficient | (to) fall short of |
| meaningless | (to) miscalculate |
| misleading | (to) misjudge |
| non-existent | (to) misunderstand |
| not addressed | (to) need to re-examine |
| not apparent | (to) neglect |
| not dealt with | (to) overlook |
| not repeatable | (to) remain unstudied |
| not studied | (to) require clarification |
| not sufficiently+ adjective | (to) suffer (from) |
| not well understood | |
| not/no longer useful | few studies have… |
| of little value | it is necessary to… |
| over-simplistic | little evidence is available |
| poor | little work has been done |
| problematic | more work is needed |
| questionable | there is growing concern |
| redundant | there is an urgent need… |
| restricted | this is not the case |
| time-consuming | unfortunately |
| unanswered | |
| uncertain | |
| unclear | |
| uneconomic | |
| unfounded | |
| unlikely | |
| unnecessary | |
| unproven | |
| unrealistic | |
| unresolved | |
| unsatisfactory | |
| unsolved | |
| unsuccessful | |
| unsupported |
Here are some examples of how these are used:
● Few researchers have addressed the problem of…
● There remains a need for an efficient method that can…
● However, light scattering techniques have been largely unsuccessful to date.
● The high absorbance makes this an impractical option in cases where..
● Unfortunately, these methods do not always guarantee…
● An alternative approach is necessary.
● The function of these proteins remains unclear.
● These can be time-consuming and are often technically difficult to perform.
● Although this approach improves performance, it results in an unacceptable number of…
● Previous work has focused only on…
● However, the experimental configuration was far from optimal.
Note: Some of these words/phrases express very strong criticism. A useful exercise is to put an asterisk(*) next to those you think you could use if you were talking about the research of your professor or supervisor. You can also alter them to make them more polite(i.e. instead of unsuccessful, which is quite a strong criticism, you could write may not always be completely successful).
| (to) attempt | (is) organised as follows: | (were/are) able to |
|---|---|---|
| (to) compare | (is) set out as follows: | accurate/accurately |
| (to) concentrate | (is/are) presented in detail | effective/effectively |
| (on) | (our) approach | efficient/efficiently |
| (to) conclude | (the) present work | excellent results |
| (to) describe | (this) paper | innovation |
| (to) discuss | (this) project | new |
| (to) enable | (this) report | novel method |
| (to) evaluate | (this) section | powerful |
Present work
(to) facilitate
(to) illustrate
(to) improve
(to) manage to
(to) minimise
(to) offer
(to) outline
(to) predict
(to) present
(to) propose
(to) provide
(to) reveal
(to) succeed
(this) work
begin by/with
close attention is paid to
here
overview
simple
straightforward
successful
valuable
aim
goal
intention
objective
purpose
Here are some examples of how these are used:
This paper focuses on…
The purpose of this study is to describe and examine…
In order to investigate the biological significance..
In this paper we present.
New correlations were developed with excellent results…
In the present study we performed…
This paper introduces a scheme which solves these problems.
The approach we have used in this study aims to…
This study investigated the use of…
In this report we test the hypothesis that…
This paper is organised as follows:..
Note: In a thesis or a very long research paper, you use these to say what each chapter or section will do. Don’t rely on one-size-fits-all verbs such as discuss; some chapters/sections do not discuss’ anything, and even if they do, their main purpose may be to compare things, analyse things or describe things rather than to discuss them.
方法介绍部分
- 常用名称：Materials and Methods, Procedures, Experiments, Experimental, Simulation, Methodology, Model
- 这部分需要给出足够的细节以便读者重复实验
- 要假设自己是在和没有充分的知识储备的人介绍你的方法，除了让读者知道你是怎么做的，用了什么方法，还要介绍这些方法，介绍为什么这么做，以便于别人接受你的实验方案。
被动和时态
- 一般用被动，并且省略动作的主语by the researcher / by me。【agentless passive】
- 一般现在时用在通常的做法，一般过去时用在描述你过去的做法。
a和The的使用
当你和你的读者都知道你在指什么事情/人的时候，使用the
当只有一种可能的选项的时候使用the
- Cario is the captial of Egypt.
当这个不重要 / 你不知道 / 你读者不知道你指哪个物或人的时候，使用a
注意动词的放置位置
- 语法的错误是极易发现的，最难处理的是语法正确但是表达意思不准确的错误，如a与the的使用、which从句前面用不用逗号、动词位置的放置。
- 要注意避免歧义。
结论部分
图片描述
- 不能突兀的直接将图片内容，要先介绍画图依据，简单说明图中画了什么，然后再说图中具体内容及表达结论。
杂乱整理
表示仍有未知和不足
- Nevertheless, there remain knowledge gaps, particularly concerning ……
表示接上文提到的问题
- In response to the aforementioned/ aforecited questions and challenges ……
表示目的
- The objectives of this paper are to (1) …… and (2) ……
表示考虑到/鉴于
- Given ……
表示观点/我们认为
- We argue that …
- We pose that …
表示是合理的/是已证明的
- ….. is justified.
伴随/同时出现
- …. be concurrent with ….
Cause
- due to (the fact that)
- on account of (the fact that)
- in view of (the fact that)
- as / because / since
Result
- therefore / consequently / hence
- as a result (of which) / which is why / so
Contrast/Difference
- however / whereas / but
- on the other hand / while / by contrast
Unexpectedness
- although / even though / though
- despite / in spite of / regardless of / notwithstanding
- nevertheless / however / yet / nonetheless / even so
Addition
- in addition / moreover / furthermore / apart from that/which
- also / secondly (etc.) / in the second place (etc.) / what is more
图表标题
关于时间和位置
sea-level pressure distributions from the ERA5 reanalysis at 0000 UTC September 6, 2018
UTC, coordinated universal time.
observations located at (34.38°N,108.07°E)
Data are from January 1 to 29, 2018.
within the latitudinal band 50°N-60°N
关于特殊说明
The storm center position at this time from best track records is indicated by the hurricane symbol.
在标题结尾可以对题目中使用的NCEP,ERA5,UTC等缩写进行集中解释说明
The reference wind vector is 20 ms^{-1}
The horizontal resolutions are 0.25°\times0.25° for the ERA5 reanalysis and ECMWF Interim.
The observing times (unit: UTC) and instruments are indicated above each figure panel. The NCCV centers at 200 hPa are indicated by a cross symbol.
y=f(x)
Variation of a random function with respect to sample size drawn from the Gaussian distribution N(x,0,0,9)
B based on the results in A.
y=f(a,b):Variations of the cost function with respect to a and b.
图表描述
show / illustrate / demonstrate
图略:(not shown) / （Figure omitted）
As an arbitrary example,
不同图像内容相似
b Same as a, but in the tropics.
The e–h panels show the equivalent results for precipitation
正文写作
benchmark基准
The results of the CLIM experiment are used as a benchmark.
在两者的比较中，被减去的那一项
patchy零零散散的
The impact of land-surface initialization on the precipitation skill is patchy, although with a tendency to show positive differences in correlation.
an alternative explanation is needed
The patterns of improvement cannot be simply described by a modification of the ENSO teleconnections over land in INIT compared to CLIM (Fig. S1), because they are very similar in both experiments, and an alternative explanation is needed.